Romano Guardini: The Lord
04/25/2019
I did manage to read this book over Lent, as I had intended. That may not sound like much of an accomplishment; in fact it's not that much of an accomplishment. But it's a long book, 600-plus pages, and a fairly dense one. And aside from my disorderly and distracted temperament and habits, decades of giving priority to almost everything else over reading have left me with a deep sense that reading is at best just barely above Doing Nothing, which is to say Wasting Time, which means that I feel uneasy about it, and guilty if I do it for very long.
But enough about my hangups. This is a great book, and I might even be justified in saying that it's a Great Book. I'd been wanting to read it for years, and now that I have I'm thinking of making it a Lenten thing every year. Whether or not I actually do that, there's no doubt that it is worth re-reading.
It's essentially a commentary on the New Testament, primarily the Gospels and the Apocalypse. I must say that the word "commentary" applied to scripture is not a word that awakens eager anticipation in me. Perhaps that prejudice arises from a few old and as far as I know never-read volumes in the ancestral bookcase in the house where I grew up. Its shelves were filled with volumes going back to the early nineteenth century, and they mostly looked dull, or even forbidding, to me. Some should have interested me: Scott's novels, for instance. Some of the religious titles seemed to capture in a physical way the dullness of a species of Christianity that, after the Enlightenment, was stranded between emotional evangelicalism and liberalism.
So I'll dump the word "commentary" and say that this book is a very close and impassioned reading of the text. The best way for me to communicate that is to give some examples. If you've been reading this blog during Lent you've seen some: this, this, this, this, and this.
I left roughly two dozen book darts attached to the pages (book darts?) , sometimes pointing to a paragraph or two and sometimes to an entire chapter. There would have been more but sometimes I didn't have the darts handy. Here is one such passage. It appears late in the book, in a chapter called "The Great Sign in Heaven," in the section on the Apocalypse. That section was for me one of the most enlightening: it produces from the text a kind of order which is intelligible--to a degree--without attempting to reduce it to simple allegory or to pin the content of the visions to specific earthly things.
But aren't we distancing ourselves from the simple meaning of the Gospels and the pure reality of Jesus? Isn't this after all more like mysticism and metaphysics? We must not be intimidated. The simple meaning of the Gospels--what is it? The pure reality of Jesus--which? The Gospels are anything but simple in the sense meant in the objection. Jesus is not at all the pure figure which criticism suggests. Behind these tenets stands a dogma--a shadowy, modern, man-made dogma--according to which Christian essence means pious humanism. The Gospels, however, know nothing of the sort, and before they can be made to read so, piece after piece must be eliminated on the excuse that it had crept in under foreign influence or was the product of collective elaboration. What then would be the significance of Revelation, or of faith? Then we human beings would be taking it upon ourselves to decide what is or is not divine. Then redemption would lose its power, for this self-doctored Christ would no longer redeem, but would only confirm our will. No, only one attitude towards Revelation is valid: readiness to hear and to learn.
That last sentence serves very well as a description of Guardini's approach throughout. Here are a couple of fairly brief intro-to-Guardini pieces, one in the National Catholic Register and one in Crisis. I note this observation in the latter: "the textbook Thomism devised as a bulwark against the errors of Modernism left him cold." I can certainly sympathize with that. The primacy given to dogma among many of Thomas's disciples is not necessarily wrong, but it does sometimes give an impression that correct doctrine is the only thing that really matters, whereas it is a necessary-but-not-sufficient thing. Doctrine and devotion may be different things, but they are not in opposition, any more than flesh and bone are in opposition. Either without the other is...well, the images summoned by that idea convey the magnitude of the error pretty well, with no need for more words.
I've long felt that Joseph Ratzinger/Pope Bendedict XVI was at least very high among the wisest of churchmen in our time, perhaps the wisest. And he was greatly influenced by Guardini. Maybe that means I'm now a Guardinian. Pope Francis also is said to follow Guardini in much of his thinking. So does that make me also a Bergoglian? Well, I wouldn't have said so, but it's okay. My reservations about Pope Francis have to do with his governance of the Church, not with his theology. At least not necessarily--it isn't always clear exactly where he stands.
Guardini's The Lord had a profound influence on me when was in my twenty's, and I've been meaning to get it out and reread it for years (I'm now in my mid seventy's). His connection to Ratzinger is crucial (the next profound influence was Ratzinger's Introduction to Christianity). And also with von Balthazar who so sorely lamented the divorce of mystical and fundamental theology at some point in the late middle ages. All the great early saints and founders of orders were profound theologians who never for a minute stepped outside the mystery. For them it was always "faith seeking understanding" as St. Anselm put it. He (von Balthasar)is famous for his dictum that theology is only done correctly "on one's knees." It's hard for me to imagine a serious theologian who doesn't go to Mass every day.
Posted by: Cyrus Brewster | 04/25/2019 at 06:09 PM
I think what Pope Francis values in Guardini are some of Guardini's ideas about the social realm. At least that's what I pick up in some of what's in the book The Mind of Pope Francis: Jorge Mario Bergoglio's Intellectual Journey. You can see some of its pages at Google Books; here's a bit:
You can see this emphasis in an address that Francis gave to a meeting of the Romano Guardini Foundation in 2015:Posted by: Marianne | 04/25/2019 at 07:36 PM
Well, that rather dampens my enthusiasm. I mean, there's nothing actually wrong with it, I guess, but...[yawn].
Posted by: Mac | 04/25/2019 at 08:42 PM
Cyrus, I'm pretty sure I'd like von B a lot, too. And on the basis of the little I've read I do. But he wrote so much that I've sort of abandoned the idea of getting very far into his work.
I plan to read Ratzinger's Intro, though. I think I bought it a few years ago...or did I?...yes, I see it on the shelf now.
Posted by: Mac | 04/25/2019 at 08:45 PM
And by the way:
Guardini says that, by “humbly accepting existence from the hand of God, personal will transforms into divine will....
Presumably that's a translation from Guardini's German. I really doubt that he wrote "transforms into" rather than "is transformed into." I see this all the time now and it really bugs me.
Posted by: Mac | 04/25/2019 at 09:05 PM
My favorite of Balthasar's is his small book "Heart of the World." I often think of it as more of a poem that a theological treatise.
Posted by: Cyrus Brewster | 04/26/2019 at 05:58 PM
Ha! That happens to be one of the two of his books that I've read. It was many years ago and I liked it a lot, and have always intended to re-read it.
The other one btw was Dare We Hope.
Posted by: Mac | 04/26/2019 at 06:13 PM
Yes, Dare We Hope. I never understood all the controversy over that book. The same people who complain that he is a universalist say that Fatima prayer between every decade of their Rosary ("lead ALL souls to heaven..."). All he really said was that we have a duty to HOPE for all, and can never say we KNOW that there is a single soul in hell.
Posted by: Cyrus Brewster | 04/26/2019 at 07:56 PM
Right. I never have understood why anyone who says the Fatima prayer can object to the book. I suspect some have not actually read it but have just heard from someone else that vB is a universalist.
Posted by: Mac | 04/26/2019 at 09:55 PM
Since he is described as a universalist I can see why Catholics would dislike von B. If he’s not a universalist, we should probably be informed.
Posted by: Louise | 04/30/2019 at 02:29 AM
He's not--"described as", not "is". At least on the basis of that book, he is not. It's as Cyrus says above. But apparently some people (who as I said I suspect haven't read the book) started calling him a universalist (everyone *will* be saved).
One can reasonably argue that he goes too far in even holding out the possibility that everyone will be saved, but in that case the Fatima prayer is also heterodox, which would certainly call the whole Fatima thing into question.
Posted by: Mac | 04/30/2019 at 08:42 AM
Bishop Robert Barron wrote the foreword in the 2014 Ignatius Press edition of Dare We Hope That All Men Be Saved?; here's some of it:
Posted by: Marianne | 04/30/2019 at 05:25 PM
Well, you know, vB did call the whole Fatima thing into question. I don't, though.
AMDG
Posted by: Janet | 04/30/2019 at 09:09 PM
I didn't know that. But presumably it wasn't because of that prayer, since it fits with his views.
Thanks for posting that, Marianne. It's very illuminating. That teaching of St. Thomas has always bothered me. I can sort of almost see it as an acknowledgement of God's perfect justice, but still...I'm glad to have some support for the other view from other saints and theologians.
Posted by: Mac | 04/30/2019 at 09:46 PM
In his book, von Balthasar clearly distinguishes between universalism and a hope for all. At one point he clearly indicates the reality of hell, but he restricts the fear of hell to oneself. He uses the metaphor of "knowing others are there" as a looking over God's shoulder to see the cards in his hand. Something forbidden to us. I've always thought that the mystery of the perfect unity of justice and mercy in God is just as deep as the mystery of the perfect unity of humanity and divinity in Christ. As Gabriel Marcel would put it: "It's not a problem, it's a mystery."
Posted by: Cyrus Brewster | 05/01/2019 at 05:41 AM
D.B. Hart has a book coming out this fall in which he argues for some sort of universalism. Will be interesting to say the least.
Posted by: Rob G | 05/01/2019 at 06:31 AM
Yeah, I've heard some rumblings about that. I think he published an excerpt or something. I didn't read it. Given the way he comes across in his writings, it's not too surprising to me that he would be undeterred by charges of heterodoxy.
"[vB] clearly indicates the reality of hell, but he restricts the fear of hell to oneself. " Which seems a healthy way to look at it.
"I've always thought that the mystery of the perfect unity of justice and mercy in God is just as deep as the mystery of the perfect unity of humanity and divinity in Christ. " Yes. I always figured that if Aquinas *is* right, then we would come to see it in just that way. It's the horror of the possibility that God would be unjust that bothers us, and I think we can set aside that possibility and trust him.
Posted by: Mac | 05/01/2019 at 02:01 PM
"It's the horror of the possibility that God would be unjust that bothers us, and I think we can set aside that possibility and trust him."
Ironically enough it's Hart's little book on the tsunami that really nailed that for me.
Posted by: Rob G | 05/01/2019 at 05:49 PM
A close friend whose opinion I value highly recommended that book *very* strongly to me not long after it came out. But I haven't read it.
Posted by: Mac | 05/01/2019 at 06:51 PM
It's a great little book. Hart draws a lot on Dostoevsky, and his take on Ivan's argument against God in Bros. K. really helped my understandings of both theology and Dost'y. I haven't read the latter the same way since.
Posted by: Rob G | 05/02/2019 at 05:55 AM
A condensed version of argument of Hart's book is contained in an article he wrote for First things here:
https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2008/05/tsunami-and-theodicy
Posted by: Cyrus Brewster | 05/02/2019 at 08:19 AM
Thanks, I'll read that. And probably the book. Hart is always an enjoyable as well as interesting read.
Posted by: Mac | 05/02/2019 at 10:03 AM